Medical News Observer

A leak of a protein called hemoglobin from damaged red blood cells may be associated with brain shrinkage in multiple sclerosis. This is the conclusion of a team from Imperial College London, whose early-stage findings suggest treatments that lower levels of hemoglobin could slow progression of the disease. Haemoglobin carries iron and oxygen around the body in red blood cells.

The research, which involved 140 patients with an advanced form of the disease, called secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, has just passed peer review on a new publishing platform, Wellcome Open Research.

Professor Charles Bangham, the lead author of the study from the Department of Medicine at Imperial, said: “These are exciting but early results. If further studies confirm them, they may suggest new avenues of treatment and hopefully more options to offer patients in the future.”

Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects around 100,000 people in the UK. The lifelong condition affects the brain and spinal cord, and results in nerves being destroyed. The symptoms and the severity of the illness vary widely from person to person but often include fatigue, vision problems, muscle spasms and impaired mobility. At first, patients tend to experience repeated episodes of the condition, but symptoms improve between each period of illness. However around 65 percent of patients eventually develop a more severe form of the disease, called secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. In this phase, which generally starts around 15 years after the initial MS diagnosis, the symptoms become steadily worse, with no periods of improvement.

The condition also causes brain cells to die, and on average the brain shrinks by about 0.3 per cent a year in secondary progressive MS. Previous research has found high amounts of iron deposited around blood vessels in the brain. Although the mineral is crucial for our bodies to function, it is toxic at high levels – and scientists have suggested this may trigger the death of brain cells in MS. In the new study, the team suggests that hemoglobin, which carries iron and oxygen around the body may cause these high iron levels.

Haemoglobin is usually contained within the red blood cells. However, previous research suggests red blood cells in MS patients are, for unknown reasons, more fragile than normal and break apart easily.

When red blood cells break down they release hemoglobin into the bloodstream. Normally, the protein would then be prevented from entering the brain by a ‘checkpoint’ between the bloodstream and the brain. However, in MS patients this checkpoint – called the blood-brain barrier – is weakened, allowing hemoglobin to sail through.

The team suggests that once hemoglobin enters the brain it is broken down by an enzyme called haem oxygenase I, which has been found at high levels in the brains of MS patients. The destruction of hemoglobin causes iron to be released into the brain.

Professor Bangham explained: “The iron escapes from the hemoglobin, and may then result in the cell damage and brain shrinkage we see in secondary progressive MS.”

The researchers stress that there are no dietary methods for reducing hemoglobin levels, and people should not remove iron from their diet. “Iron eaten in foods has no effect on the levels of iron that accumulate in the brain. It is the hemoglobin levels, rather than iron that needs to be tackled. Iron is vital for the body, and should not be reduced in the diet,” said Professor Bangham.

In the study, the team found that the MS patients had high levels of a compound called serum lactate dehydrogenase, which is released when red blood cells disintegrate. In the research, the scientists analyzed blood samples of 140 patients with secondary progressive MS, taken over a two-year period, and looked for any proteins raised above normal levels. The team also analyzed brain scans of the patients, as well as blood samples from 20 healthy controls, and 40 patients with other medical conditions apart from MS. They found that blood levels of “free” hemoglobin – hemoglobin that has escaped from the red blood cells – were significantly higher in MS patients with the greatest amount of brain shrinkage. The researchers calculated that a 30 percent increase in free hemoglobin levels resulted in an increased rate of brain shrinkage by 0.1 per cent. This could make a significant difference to a patient’s symptoms.

Professor Bangham explained that the findings were unexpected: “We were amazed by the results, and we were surprised by the size of the apparent effect of hemoglobin on brain shrinkage. Over a number of years, it could significantly impact a patient’s symptoms.” He added that high hemoglobin levels are not the only factor leading to brain shrinkage, but could be a significant contributor.

Existing trials are testing potential MS treatments that mop up excess iron. Professor Bangham questions whether this is the best approach. “It may be more effective to look at ways of removing excess hemoglobin from the blood, rather than iron. There are a number of drugs that do this, although none have been used for multiple sclerosis.”

Furthermore, testing hemoglobin in the blood would not be helpful. This would only show that brain shrinkage is occurring – which would already be detectable on a scan.

The study was performed on patients who had been taking part in a clinical trial, examining the effect of statins on secondary progressive MS. The trial showed statins may have a beneficial effect on brain shrinkage, although this doesn’t seem to be linked to hemoglobin levels said Professor Bangham. “We are still unsure how the statins work, but it seems to be completely separate from the way hemoglobin triggers brain shrinkage.”

The team is now working on further studies to confirm the findings and explore what treatments may tackle high levels of hemoglobin in the blood.

Citation: Alex Lewin, Shea Hamilton, Aviva Witkover, Paul Langford, Richard Nicholas, Jeremy Chataway, Charles R.M. Bangham.  “Free serum hemoglobin is associated with brain atrophy in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis”. Wellcome Open Research 2016 vol: 1 pp: 10.
DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.9967.1
Research funding: Wellcome trust, Medical Research Council
Adapted from press release by Imperial College London.