Hepatocellular carcinoma affects the liver. Hepatocellular carcinoma occurs predominantly in patients with underlying chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. The condition arises from hepatocytes, the liver’s primary cell type, making it the most common type of liver cancer globally. Risk factors for HCC include chronic viral infection such as hep B or hep C, alcohol abuse, metabolic dysfunction associated with fatty liver disease, and exposure to aflatoxins. The disease often progresses silently with few specific symptoms in its early stages. Still, it may eventually present with abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, and swelling of the abdomen due to fluid. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests like ultrasound, CT scans, or MRIs and confirmation through biopsy. Treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma vary based on the cancer’s stage and may include surgical resection, liver transplantation, locoregional therapies, and systemic treatments such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Early detection and management of underlying liver diseases are crucial for prevention and improved outcomes.