Brain biomarkers are specific biological indicators found in the brain tissues, cerebrospinal fluid, or blood, which can be measured to assess neurological conditions. These brain biomarkers can provide valuable insights into the presence, risk, or progression of various neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, traumatic brain injuries, and mental health conditions such as depression and schizophrenia. They are critical in aiding early diagnosis, monitoring neurological disease progression, and in evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Biomarkers range from proteins and peptides to genetic material and metabolic products, offering a window into the complex biochemical processes of the brain. Their identification and analysis have become a significant focus in neuroscience research, driving advancements in personalized medicine and targeted therapies for brain disorders.