Game theory is a mathematical framework used for understanding strategic interactions among rational decision-makers. It seeks to predict the outcomes of complex scenarios where the choices of multiple agents interdependently affect the outcome. Initially developed to analyze competitions in which one individual’s gains result in losses for the other participants—zero-sum games—it has since been extended to encompass various situations in economics, political science, psychology, and biology. Game theory explores how participants make decisions when they are aware of the interdependencies of their choices and the potential strategies of others. It employs models to analyze situations ranging from simple two-person games to complex negotiations involving multiple stakeholders. By identifying optimal strategies and potential equilibria, game theory offers insights into the dynamics of conflict and cooperation, enabling a deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving competitive and collaborative behavior.