Leishmaniasis is a complex disease caused by parasites of the Leishmania genus, transmitted through the bites of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. The disease presents in three forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral, each varying in severity. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common. It is characterized by skin lesions, usually ulcers, on exposed parts of the body. These ulcers eventually leave life-long scars and associated severe disability. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis can cause partial or total destruction of mucous memberanes of the nose, mouth, and throat. Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar, is the most severe form, affecting several internal organs such as the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. If untreated visceral leishmaniasis can be fatal. Geographically Leishmaniasis is found in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe. It is linked to environmental changes such as deforestation, building of dams, irrigation schemes, and urbanization. Treatment includes antimonial compounds, amphotericin B, and other newer agents, though drug resistance can be a challenge. Preventative measures focus on control of the sandfly vectors and protection from bites.