Preterm birth before 37 weeks of gestation is a significant global health issue. It can lead to various complications, including respiratory distress syndrome, intestinal problems, and a greater risk of long-term neurological disorders. Preterm infants often require specialized care in neonatal intensive care units. The causes of preterm birth are multifactorial, encompassing genetic, environmental, and socio-economic factors. Common risk factors include multiple pregnancies, infections, chronic health conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes, and certain lifestyle factors. Recent advances in medical science have improved the survival rates and health outcomes for preterm infants, but it remains a leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity worldwide.